[PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY: ORIGINS, PROBLEMS, AND PROSPECTS OF THE RESEARCH].

The nomenclature of digestive diseases in children was supplemented by the "new" diseases: of esophagus--gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, Zenker's diverticulum; of stomach and duodenum--gastroduodenitis, peptic ulcer disease, polyps, ectopic pancreas in the stomach wall; of the intestine--jejunitis, ileocolitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, bacterial overgrowth syndrome in the small intestine; of biliary tract--cholelithiasis, gallbladder cholesterosis, anomalies of the biliary tract; of pancreas--acute and chronic pancreatitis, annular pancreas (2). The features of gastrointestinal diseases in children experiencing the action of factors, not always positively affecting the growing organism, were established. These features include: presence of allergic background; high level of neuro-autonomous and psycho-emotional changes in modern children, not only in schoolchildren, but even in preschoolers; polymorbidity or a combination (syntropy) of lesions of the digestive system; adverse outcomes of certain diseases as chronization, complications development, and as a consequence--a high risk of disability in children; "rejuvenation" of certain diseases of the digestive system (cholelithiasis, gallbladder cholesterosis, Crohn's disease), typical for adults. It is important to emphasize the clinical and social importance of gastroenterological diseases in childhood. Axiomatic is that the origins of many diseases of the digestive organs in adults lie in childhood. Early manifestation of certain diseases such as peptic ulcer disease, gluten enteropathy, Crohn's disease, and others, significantly impact the quality of life of sick children and their parents. It is worth to emphasize high costs of medical and prophylactic (tertiary prevention) activities using the drugs of latest generations. All this causes problems in both applied and scientific pediatric gastroenterology.

[Modern aspects of the prevention of diseases of the digestive system in children ].

The article reviews the modern aspects of the prevention of diseases of the digestive system in children. It analyzes the levels of prevention activities, starting with the first days of a child's life. Great value is given to healthy ways of parents' lives, in the future - of the children: monitoring the course of pregnancy, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnostics of the pathology of the fetus. Heredity plays an important role in the cause-significant factors of diseases of the digestive system, violations of the calendar of vaccination, etc. One of the bases of prevention is a staged treatment of diseases of the digestive system, the identification of risk factors that can cause an aggravation or a continuously-recurrent course. The selection of rehabilitation programmes and hospital replacement technologies to improve and maintain the quality of life of sick children were substantiated.

[Clinical and pathogenetic significance of collagen metabolism disorder in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease].

In 62 children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and 32 with gastroduodenitis (DG) aged 9-17 years, the peculiarities of metabolism of collagen were studied. High levels of fractions of sialic acids were set, that was associated with the protein fructose, fractions of hydroxyproline in children with GERD compared with the patients with DG, which testify to the process of degradation of collagen and may be one of the factors contributing to the local inflammation of the esophagus and gastroduodenal zone of the digestive tract. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori, as well as violations of diet, play an important role in maintaining the inflammatory process.

[The study of hormonal status in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this work is to study the level of some hormones and their role in the pathogenesis of gastroesophagal reflux disease (GERD) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 children with GERD at the age 9 till 17 years of them 17 boys (42.5%) and 23 girls (57.5%) were examined. Content of somatostatin, gastrin, insulin, cortisol in the blood was studied by immunofermental method. Motor function of the sthomach was studied using the apparatus EGC-4M. RESULTS: The investigations which were performed revealed the fact that children with GERD have different concentration of somatostatin and gastrin depending on their age. In disturbances of interrelations of somatostatin and gastrin impairment of the stomach motility occurs. High level of insulin and cortisol is found in children with GERD. High level of insulin indicates of stimulation of protective and adaptative mechanisms. High level of cortisol intensifies catabolic processes, leads to disturbances of dynamic equilibration of aggressive-protective factors in the gastroduodenal zone. CONCLUSION: The results of our study revealed vital role of hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of GERD in children.

[Current aspects of diseases biliary tract in childhood].

This article describes the current status of the issue of biliary tract disease in children. There were shown current differences according to age-appropriate. Was presented a new structure of the bile-excreting system diseases, among them dysfunction of the gallbladder and Oddi's sphincter, bile duct abnormalities, biliary sludge, cholelithiasis; cholesterosis of the gall bladder isn't casuistry. Was established necessity of modern intrascope research methods for the differential diagnosis of these diseases. Were identified promising areas of study of biliary tract diseases in childhood.

[Essential microelements and gallstones in children]. / Essentsial'nye mikroélementy i zhelchnokamennaia bolezn' v detskom vozraste.

The article presents a study of particular features of the essential microelements content in the hair, blood, bile and gallstones in infants with cholelithiasis. It was shown that this disease is accompanied by a lack of microelements, which appears as a lack of selenium, imbalance of zinc and accumulation of iron and copper in biological objects. In conjunction with other factors (vegetative dysfunction, comorbidities of the gastrointestinal tract and maldevelopment of the bile-excreting tract), the lack of microelements can promote the formation of gallstones in infants. It is possible to obtain complete information on particular features of microelements changes with the help of simultaneous studies of tissues of the hair, blood, bile and gallstones.

[Clinical and pathogenetic significance of biliary tract abnormalities in a child with cholelithiasis]. / Kliniko-patogeneticheskoe znachenie anomalii zhelchnovyvodiashchikh putei u detei s kholelitiazom.

The clinical peculiarities of cholelithiasis in the children with biliary tract's anomalities are presented in this paper. The data of clinical, instrumental examinations and anamnesis are analysed. Although, there are some clinical peculiarities of cholelithiasis in the patients with biliary tract's anomalities, intrascopic methods of examination are preferable. Ultrasonography is used as quick method during before hospital examination. Retrogdade cholangiopancreatography in special hospital is the main diagnostic method in such patients, that defines the date, volume and kind of operation.